tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82872933210766680882024-02-20T02:26:07.695-08:00International Political Systeminternational relations, study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system.DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-61848001537289254182012-09-11T10:10:00.000-07:002012-09-11T10:10:29.758-07:00History of Islamic Extremism?<div style="text-align: justify;">Historically, extremist groups have always been marginalized and rejected by mainstream Islam as heretical aberrations. But now a major change has occurred. The magnificent Islamic civilization of the Middle Ages has crumbled, and traditional institutions that once sustained and promulgated Islamic theology - and marginalized extremism - have been taken over by State institutions.<br />
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A thousand years ago, at the height of Islamic power, the tradition called Ijtihad - the spirit of discussion, debate and dissent - flourished, and was presided over by a class of religious scholars, independent of the political system, called jurists. From the 8th to the 12th century, some 135 schools of Islamic interpretation existed, as well as 70 great libraries. Divergent opinions and schools of thought were not only tolerated, they were celebrated. (There was discrimination, and it was hardly an interfaith utopia, but historical evidence indicates that Jews living under Islam experienced much less persecution than the Jews living in European Christendom.) Science and art thrived, and Islamic civilization laid the groundwork for the Renaissance.<br />
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But in the centuries since, following the Crusades and the later invasions by Genghis Khan and his successors, as well as the inevitable internal political intrigues and challenges as opponents battled each other for power in a vast empire, the world has seen the demise of this high civilization, the stifling of Ijtihad, the closing of schools, the repression of critical independent thought, as the duty of the jurists has been co-opted by nationalistic politician - technocrats serving as self-appointed arbiters of faith - who limit debate and interpretation, rather than expanding it, all to prop up their cultural and political goals and maintain the status quo. Now Muslims in these countries are silenced by relentless propaganda telling them that Unity means Conformity, Debate only causes Division, and Division is synonymous with criminal Heresy, so you'd better keep your mouth shut!</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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Many people in this situation have been beaten into submission, which is what the powers-that-be want. No doubt, many others continue to have questions and divergent opinions, but dare not speak out for fear of the response.<br />
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Fanatic groups, like al-Qaeda and the Taliban - originally supported by the West as allies in our battle with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, but now turned virulently anti-American after witnessing so much carnage - are still intellectually and sociologically marginalized in Islam. But their highly visible acts of violence command the public stage.<br />
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Nonetheless, I believe these fanatics will not achieve their ambition to remake the religious landscape of the Islamic world in their narrow image. There are too many rival traditions. The desire for freedom is too strong. And as Walter Russell Mead notes, against the drive for a more closed and narrow view of Islam, "the Internet is making the great works of Islamic scholarship available to tens of millions of Muslims, including women, who can and will be free to draw their own conclusions about what their faith means and how it should be lived. Theological diversity within Islam seems bound to increase.<br />
DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-79892429426573036872012-09-11T10:08:00.000-07:002012-09-11T10:08:55.804-07:00The Military and Political System in the Qing Dynasty<div style="text-align: justify;">The Military and Political System in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was mainly composed of the Eight-Banner System, the Six Ministry System, the Privy Council and the Han Green Army.<br />
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1. Eight-Banner System<br />
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The Eight-Banner System (administrative divisions into which all Manchu families were placed.) was founded by Nurhachi (the founder of the Qing dynasty), composed of the Border Yellow Banner, the Plain Yellow Banner, the Plain White Banner, the Plain Red Banner, the Bordered White Banner, the Bordered Red Banner, the Plain Blue Banner and the Bordered Blue Banner, which combined the army and the common people perfectly as one. The political power was centralized in the hands of nobilities, and the important decisions were discussed and decided by Manchu Council of Princes and Ministers. Hong Taiji (the son of Nurhachi) imitated the political system of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and established the Six Ministries in the 5th year (1631) of Tianchong Period, trying to weaken the power of Manchu nobilities. Emperor Shunzhi reformed the Eight-Banner System by commanding the Plain Yellow Banner, the Plain White Banner and the Bordered Yellow Banner, centralizing all power in his own hands.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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2. The Six Ministries<br />
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The Six Ministries were established by Emperor Hong Taiji, with a Shangshu (the senior minister) in charge of each ministry, and the vice-senior minister was called Shilang (assistant minister). It was stipulated that the two ministers (served as Shangshu) in each ministry should be chosen from the Manchu ethnic group and the Han ethnic group respectively in the first (1644) year of Shunzhi Period, when a number of coordinate administrative institutions were set up in addition to the Six Ministries, including Hanlin Academy, the Ministry of Tribal Affair, the Imperial Hospital, the Ministry Internal Affair and Court of Censors, so the officials were classified into nine grades based on their ranks in the Qing dynasty.<br />
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3. Privy Council<br />
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The Qing army was at war with Mongolian army in the 7th (1729) year of Emperor Yongzheng, and the Privy Council was established under imperial order to handle military intelligence, which became the core organ of state power after the 2nd year of Emperor Qianlong's reign and it lasted to the 3rd year of Emperor Xuantong's reign in the Qing dynasty.<br />
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4. Green Standard Army<br />
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The army was divided into the Eight-Banner Army and the Green Standard Army in the early Qing dynasty. The Eight-Banner Army was composed of the Manchu Eight-Banner, Mongolian Eight-Banner and the Han Eight-Banner, which were directly controlled by the emperors, and the local governors had no rights to call up them. The Green Army was established by the local governors, playing a more and more important part in the late Qing dynasty.<br />
DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-27881846824972891662012-09-11T10:07:00.000-07:002012-09-11T10:07:38.450-07:00Evolution of the New American Political System<div style="text-align: justify;">It's spring time; a time of resurrection and change. The sun rises a little higher in the sky every day to awaken flora which responds by sprouting fresh, colorful new blossoms. Critters go out in search of new mates and participate in this glorious process. In America, new elections have been scheduled and politicians are out buying votes by making empty new promises for change, if only we would elect them.<br />
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I am sitting on the porch swing watching a pretty a red Cardinal attack himself in a car mirror. With flapping wings, slashing claws and a punching beak, he flies against the mirrored glass crying out in anguish and frustration. The little bird has apparently laid claim to the breeding rights on his little acre of his and is determined to drive off any rival who dares to intrude on this domain.<br />
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Mr. Cardinal reminds me of the average American voter. Conditioned by constant exposure to a carefully scripted charade, he believes that a two-party system exists in his country. One party, he is told, will protect and defend him against the asserted intrusions of the other. He must therefore choose an ally to support and, of course, an enemy to fight against by default. Then, having chosen, he is to proceed to beat himself into a stupor hopelessly trying to solve a problem hidden beyond his ability to comprehend.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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Behind the looking glass, however, both imaginary parties have merged and aligned themselves with a third to form a syndicate which operates solely to serve its own interests and not those of the American voters. The syndicate, led by a handful of international bankers and financial speculators, appoint career politicians to positions of power and use a network of private banks to control them. Every few years, the voter is presented with a two-ringed circus and allowed to vote for, and be ruled by, a set of politicians who owe their allegiance to the syndicate that placed them in positions of power.<br />
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For the bankers and politicians, it is a win-win system as long as Mr. Cardinal is kept unaware of his role in the game. The banker prints unlimited paper debt out of thin air and lends it to the politician who spends it to enhance his personal power. Mr. Cardinal is then taxed to repay the debt, at interest. The banker becomes mega-rich, the politician becomes mega-powerful and Mr. Cardinal, believing that he is being served, becomes enslaved.<br />
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This is not a new, ingenious system. It is an old, corrupt one that exists whenever a people lose their moral compass and bow low to others who proclaim themselves to be the masters. Several hundred years ago, Thomas Jefferson warned of the consequences of following this course:<br />
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"The modern theory of the perpetuation of debt has drenched the earth with blood, and crushes its inhabitants under burdens ever accumulating. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks... will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered... the issuing power should be taken from the banks, and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs."<br />
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In America, and across the world, people are beginning to wake up and the syndicate is, of course, beginning to punish their dissent. Here's hoping that Mr. Cardinal soon realizes that the enemy he fights is himself and decides to put his efforts to better use.<br />
DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-25304247796686034832011-10-31T18:58:00.000-07:002011-10-31T18:58:13.410-07:00A Comparison of Canadian and American Political Systems<div style="text-align: justify;">People outside of the "Americas" can often get confused understanding and comparing the differences between the US and Canadian models, forms and structures of government.<br />
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In the United States there are 50 states with a federal government. The subunit, that is each state, has its own governor and state legislature. The federal government of course of the USA, has at its head the President (currently President Obama) along with 2 houses of legislature. These are the US House of Representatives (with local elected members referred to as "Congressmen" or perhaps "Congress Women" and the US Senate with "Senators" elected from each and every state. There are many more Congress people per state than elected Senators over all. Some will tell you that Senators carry much more power and clout than the Congressmen in the House of Representatives, whereas in Canada it's not the Canadian Senate and Senators who wield the greatest power and effect changes.<br />
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Whereas Canada has a federal and provincial system. There is one overall Federal Government with given responsibilities and 10 more local or Provincial Governments along with 3 "Territories" - not fully assigned fully rights and privileges under the Canadian political system yet. Whereas in the US political system Americans vote for their representatives and then the leader overall (that is the President), Canadians vote for members of Parliament only. Firstly the Canadian Senate as opposed to the US model are not elected at all. Instead they are "appointed" by the ruling party - that is the political party in power federally in the Federal House of Parliament which is located in Ottawa in the eastern province of Ontario. The federal political leader in Canada is not elected for his position. Rather he is the leader of the party with the most seats in the house - that is the ruling party in charge. Interestingly it is the party in power, not the people directly as in the US who chose their ultimate political leader. It might be argued and debated that ultimately it is the Canadian people by voting for their elected representatives who sit in the House of Parliament in Ottawa who make the choice via their votes to their own elected leaders. On the other hand it might be said that party and its "Whip" ensure that sitting members in the House of Parliament tow the party line, when it comes to votes and policy as opposed to the elected officials themselves.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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Two things can be summarized though - one is that Canada has a Prime Minister chosen by the residing political party in power and those Senators are appointed by that same group as opposed to being elected as in the US. Generally Canadian Senators don't carry a lot of power, nor use it. To many in Canada the Senate is seen as a left over, a hold over from the British model, which is mainly ceremonial and indeed one might say serves for ongoing reasons of patronage and rewarding old political favors and friends.<br />
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Canada currently has 308 Members of Parliament. The Federal or National Government of Canada has as its base the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, Ontario. This Federal Government setup among its many and varied duties and responsibilities for the military, foreign trade and trading as well as partial or in many cases full funding for numerous social programs available to Canadian residents and citizens, criminal laws and their enforcements as well providing for and managing cash money production and supply as well as fiscal policies.<br />
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Members of Parliament typically deal with their constituents needing help with such social programs and provision such employment insurance, the Canadian Pension Plan disability insurance immigration and the like. On the other side of the fence the 10 Provincial Governments are primarily responsible for the administration, implementation of public health itself - Canada has a socialized not for profit medical system, Included are the management of hospitals as hospitals are considered government funded and run for the most part. As well education and departments of education are a more local provincial jurisdiction. Lastly provinces themselves are also involved with the implementation and management of the varied social programs which they provide for and administer, which is of course in addition and supplements those provided for by the federal authorities.<br />
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It should be pointed out as well that at the helm of the Federal and Canadian Provincial Governments is more experienced political staff - that is elected officials who are appointed by their party - that is generally the party in power to serve as senior officials in charge of various departments and portfolios. These positions are referred to as Ministerial Appointments with the Minister being in charge of a given department or sets of departments under their portfolio.<br />
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Both the Canadian and American political systems function well in their own milieu. Each setup has its advantages and disadvantages and were set up, or evolved in terms of what was there as a predecessor and also what particular needs and duties were involved. The US system in particular is set up with "checks and balances" being intrinsic so that the system buttresses and polices itself. The Canadian system is set and functions rather differently. The point being however in the end, both Americans and Canadians are generally well afforded and served by their retrospective political systems.DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-85748687470928793802011-10-31T18:57:00.000-07:002011-10-31T18:57:23.174-07:00Political Realism Is More Appropriate Than Political Idealism<div style="text-align: justify;">Introduction<br />
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Regarding the history of growth and development of International Relations theory, we can divide it in to four significant phases. They are not separated division of each other, but one phase is evolution and development of previous phase. Therefore, we can say these divisions were created for convenience for study the theory. The divisions mentioned as follows,<br />
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First one is Historical Phase, which existed for longtime before the beginning of First World War. Before the 1914 there were dominated monarchical political systems around the world. The theory of international relations was not important very much. Always greediness of conquer other's land and using others resources by for was apparent. Diplomacy existed at that time but not in proper manner. In this phase, main interest was in the understanding of relations among States /nations through history, diplomacy and law. Under this phase more intellectuals (like Plato, Aristotle, Karl Marx, and Rousseau) taught various kinds of political and economic philosophies, which paved the way to evolution of phases in international relations. However, the analytical methods were in formulating stage.Because of these reasons they couldn't answer the questions of resolving war via international relations.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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Secondly, the Organizational Phase, which formed as a result of First World War. Enormous destruction that it cause, urged intellectuals to study on international relations in a new way. Prevention of war was the main objective that they critically concentrated on. Regarding Idealist thinkers attitude, then US president Woodrow Wilson suggested a necessity of International Organization, which could resolve the international disputes and maintain peace by the eliminating the cause of war. As a result of that League of Nations established. This could be the first political idealist approach that world has ever attempted.<br />
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League of Nations did useful service at the beginning but later failed to fulfill the main objective. Because of it's idealist visions some times it couldn't use in the practical world. For instance, Italy invasion of Abyssinia and Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the League of Nations only could warn Italy and Japan but nothing changed. These idealist ideas mostly expected the respect to the virtue of a country, although in practically only rarely can be seen. So, finally League of Nations becomes ineffective and Idealists were severely criticized by thinker called themselves as Realists. Despite Idealist thoughts the Second World War couldn't be prevented. Thus, Realist ideas began to rise.<br />
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Thirdly, the Cold War Phase was created by post the Second World War situations. Just after the WWII it weakened previous imperial powers (UK and France), and cause emergence of two super powers (USA and USSR).Tension grew between them. Arms Race, Space Race, achieving nuclear power, proxy wars demonstrated this tension. Not only between those two countries but also countries belong to each other's ideological camps (Capitalist and Socialist).Even there was the UN it couldn't pay much intervention these struggle for power. By the balancing of power both parties stopped the Third World War happening. In this period realist ideas took priority to resolve a incident.<br />
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Finally, the Scientific Phase. After the 1960s the development of science and technology many analysts looked at international relation as a science, more like social science. By Creating new methods of theories and this phase evolve until today.<br />
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Political Idealism and Political Realism<br />
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Idealism dominated the study of International Relations from the end of the First World War until the late 1930s.Sometimes referred to as Utopianism in other word Liberal Internationalism. Immanuel Kant, Richard Cobden, John Hobson and Woodrow Wilson are few of among notable liberal idealists.<br />
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Idealists are out of touch with practical thinking, may be more sophisticated to use in practically, they always given priority consideration about moral principles than practical activities and also nave about physical world around them. They were seeking a perfect world in future.<br />
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As I mentioned before, idealism come to prominence in reaction to the massacre of the WWI.Analysts study the problem, peace groups formed and debated, universities began to teach international relations as a crucial subject, and many intellectuals began to try to educate people about the benefits of developing an Internationalist Orientation.<br />
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Considering thinking of idealists, we can give more prominent place to Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points", a set of principles that he produced to the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919.This document provided an outline for stopping WWI and establishment of League of Nations.<br />
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The idealists believe enforcing Parliamentary Democracy will liberalize the world order and will strengthen the International Law. League of Nations was the first step for anarchical world government for peaceful world, according to the idealist analysts. But its impractical application could not prevent the WWII.<br />
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A major characteristic of idealism is the belief that what unites human beings is more important than what divides them. They believed in Cosmopolitan ethics rather than national interests and customs and urged the people to reform international system which based on States.<br />
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According to our knowledge their was a good example for using idealist ideology to prevent war. In 1938, Britain, France, Italy and Germany signed Munich Pact, the matter over annexation of Sudtenland region of Czechoslovakia from Germany. It kept peace between countries but strengthened war-like Germany.<br />
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Idealism fell in to disrepute with the collapse of the League of nations and the outbreak of the WWII.<br />
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According to the Realists, realism has been for very long time, since 5th century B.C.Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbs and Max Webber are few of them. But modern theoretical approach was begun very recently around 1930s and 1940s.<br />
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E.H.Carr and Hans J.Morgenthau are significant characters among modern realists. They claimed there was no natural harmony of interests among states and that it was foolish and even dangerous to hope that the struggle for power among states could be tamed by international law, democratization and international commerce. And they say that this believes made the way the way to WWII and Hitler became more powerful.<br />
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Realism always like a pessimistic ideology, but it consists with reality of human beings. That's why it creates grim and suspicious image of international politics. Among realists there are slight differences each and everyone but we can crystallize their ideas as follows,<br />
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"A precarious form of order through the balance of power not cosmopolitan justice is the best we can hope for in the international anarchy: a realm of continual struggles for power and security among states."<br />
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However, Realism greatly criticized by scholars. In1960s and 1970s scholars believe that this realist ideology was too harsh about human being and decided it should be modified according to economical liberalization and development of science and technology.<br />
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Conclusion<br />
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Some people (mostly realists) suggested that idealism is an expression of the political philosophy of the satisfied great powers. According to E.H.Carr, a leading realist author, that the idealists are also nave about the role of power in international relations and also he said,"Not all states had an interest in peace. Those who dominated the international system were more likely to pursue peace because it was in their interest to maintain the international status quo. Contrary to the behalf of the idealists, then, there was no natural harmony of interests among states".<br />
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If we think that idealism totally invalid to today's politics, it is wrong. Nowadays people accept the liberal thinking in international relations than Cold War time; and also try to experiment by using it (e.g.:-European Union).But in practically until control human ambitions "idealism" would not work effective in international politics.<br />
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Today, intellectuals are asking that is there any validity of realism to modern globalizing world. My idea is yes. It is valid because we still experiencing conflicts among human beings. Last five decades there was many intrastate wars than interstate wars, also killing more than killed in WWII. So, realists are more forward at the moment, and idealist should wait until their "utopia" will become true. Therefore, I agree the idea "Political Realism is more appropriate than Political Idealism in understanding and explaining International Relations".DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-3387665097223449162011-10-31T18:55:00.000-07:002011-10-31T18:55:30.813-07:00Earn Online Political Science Masters Degree For A Better Future<div style="text-align: justify;">After earning a bachelor's degree, people get busy in their professional life that they hardly get time to earn their master's degree, in this way they either sacrifice their on going job, so that they can enhance their skills to attain a brighter career or they drop the idea of getting their master's degree, instead of leaving their current job in the middle. Therefore, those who have earned their bachelors degree in political science or in a related field of study can easily enroll for their online political science masters degree. This degree is offered online at a number of well known accredited colleges and universities.<br />
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By the end of online political science masters degree, graduates become capable to analyze, from an international point of view various political issues. This is because; they acquire academic qualification important in this regard, hence, it is assumed that they can be the future's finest political scientists.<br />
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Those who opt to excel in the field of political science, by earning their masters degree, make efficient use of their practices of life as well as their work and undergraduate experience, to discover profound issues of politics and power. Thus, in this way, they find it easy to extend their understanding of political structure and its impact on domestic and international policy.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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During the program, students study the theories and philosophies behind government, political processes and economies. Furthermore, the theories behind democracy are assessed and recognized by them. They also learn to make comparison between those theories and other political systems. Including the study of American government and its policies, students also study about various other governments in different parts of the world. After completing online political science masters degree, students acquire the skills to interact in a global system.<br />
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In addition, the students of online political science masters degree analyze that how public policies and political systems are developed, operated and originated. They learn research methodologies as well, so that they can collect data and perform appropriate analysis and research in their domain.<br />
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Moreover, while earning the degree, students are skilled in collecting and analyzing data, in taking interviews, in doing surveys and in presenting their findings by maintaining a proper report, which is very useful for political lobbying, nonprofit, civic and social organizations.<br />
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Students are taught a number of courses, during this degree program that includes contemporary political theory, international politics, American government and politics, East Asian politics, environmental politics, European politics, Feminist political theory, International economics, Public policy, Critical geopolitics and various others.<br />
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Career Prospects and Salary Information<br />
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As stated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in near future, political scientists will be highly in demand, because the employment rate is expected to rise to a great level. Hence, graduates of online political science masters degree will find rewarding career opportunities in their domain.<br />
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After earning online political science masters degree, one can opt from a variety of careers available in business, teaching, government, journalism, political activism and in various other areas. Like in government one can work as a politician, legislator, ambassador, diplomat, lobbyist, an electoral official, a political campaign worker and etc. Furthermore, positions other then in government includes political researcher, legislative analyst, corporate public affairs advisor, sociologist, historian, lawyer, judge, political journalist, political talk show host and etc.<br />
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Depending on the nature of federal, state and local governments, it has been found that there are positions available for people having political science background. This is because of retirements and promotions that gradually or sometimes rapidly takes place in federal, state and local governments. Whenever, economic insecurities are encountered, positions in federal government are found highly competitive.DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8287293321076668088.post-18469053279806115892011-10-31T18:54:00.000-07:002011-10-31T18:54:02.667-07:00Political Influence While Starting A Business In India<div style="text-align: justify;">As in any part of the world, political influence is highly essential to start a business in India. Especially if you are planning to start a multi billion business, some sort of political patronage is an absolute necessity. Not only for safeguarding the interest of the company but even to begin the process of getting the required sanctions, one requires hold in the high echelons of politics and administrative circles.<br />
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Indian society is highly plural. It is the biggest democracy in the world with multi party political system. In population, India is second to China, with nearly 1200 million people. This is the most important consumer market in the world. It is a fast developing world. India is the third largest economy in the world and second fast growing economy in Asia. It has the tremendous potential of development with huge intellectual human force. With all these advantages and the huge market potential, world super entrepreneurs are looking for business establishments in India. With the overcrowded population and the millions of hard working and qualified personals, India offers a very cheap work force to the world. Many have realized the business potential in India, started exploring the unique opportunities of investments.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
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During the last couple of decades, India has opened its market to world. It has absolutely become an open global market. Banking sector, Insurance sector and all fields of industrial and business are now open for multi national investment. Of course there are many obstructions to cross. And mostly all issues can overcome and establish business if you have the political patronage.<br />
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India has a plural political system. With numerous political parties, national level and state level, it is very difficult to get a consensus among all parties for starting any business. Also these political parties have patronage of many factors, caste, creed and ideologies. There are political parties with left centric communist ideologies; they are totally against direct foreign investments. But other parties, who are main ruling coalition partners, have right centric ideologies and open for foreign investments. In most of the states, mostly local political parties are ruling. Political parties require financial patronage from big business establishments.<br />
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Many constituent states have realized the need for foreign investments in their state for a growth oriented economic situation. Hence the climate has changed a lot in India. So many privileges are offered to entrepreneurs to start business. With all these facilities, still political patronage is a must to start a business in India. Even after establishing the business, for a proper running of the business, political help is essential. It is mainly to sort out issues related to local taxes, labor problems and many such issues affecting the normal working of the companies.DOWIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17766954649273790368noreply@blogger.com